AN INVESTIGATION ON THE COMMONESS OF URINARY TRACT PARASITES AMONG PATIENTS

AN INVESTIGATION ON THE COMMONESS OF URINARY TRACT PARASITES AMONG PATIENTS

Background to the Study

An infection of any region of the urinary system is referred to as a urinary tract infection (often abbreviated as UTI). The kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra are the components that make up the urinary tract. Any component of these systems has the potential to become infected, although the bladder and urethra are the most prevalent sites of infection (Ade-Ojo, 2016). The infection of the bladder is known as cystitis, but the infection of the urethra is known as pyelonephritis and is a far more dangerous condition. There are two different kinds of urinary tract infections: lower UTI and upper UTI. A lower UTI is an infection that affects the lower section of the urinary system, which includes the bladder and the urethra. An upper UTI affects the upper part of the urinary tract (kidneys and ureters). The risk of kidney damage makes the upper urinary tract infection possibly more dangerous than the lower urinary tract infection. Bacteria that may be found in the digestive system, the vagina, or in the area surrounding the urethra are the most common cause of UTIs. When germs invade the typically germ-free urinary system and begin to proliferate there, an infection may develop. They create enzymes that let them to feed on the host's tissues, which in turn causes harm to those tissues (Adekunle, 2021).

An illness caused by bacteria that manifests itself in the urinary system is known as a urinary tract infection (UTI). The kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra are the components that make up a person's urinary system. The severity of a urinary tract infection (UTI) is proportional to both the virulence of the bacteria that caused it and the susceptibility of the host (Ade-Ojo,Oluleye,& Adegun, 2016). Even while the incidence of urinary tract infections (UTIs) does not rise during pregnancy, the chance of a UTI developing into a full-blown kidney infection rises, which may lead to premature labor and other issues during pregnancy (Ashshi, 2021). In the absence of treatment, UTI predicts a negative result. Studies have indicated that between 20 and 40 percent of cases of urinary tract infection (UTI) would proceed to acute pyelonephritis if the condition is left untreated, but receiving treatment will lower this risk to between 1 and 2 percent (Aiyegoro, 2017). Complications for the mother might include persistent pyelonephritis, as well as anemia and septicaemia. Intrauterine growth limits and early maturity are examples of difficulties that might affect the fetus (Ade-Ojo, Oluleye, & Adegun, 2016).

Stasis of urine due to smooth muscle relaxation, effect of increased progesterone, and pressure effect of the gravid uterus on the bladder and ureters impeding the free flow of urine are some of the factors that predispose to bacteriuria in pregnancy. Other factors that predispose to bacteriuria in pregnancy include the reduced ability of the kidneys to concentrate urine, which leads to differences in urine ph and osmolality of urine in pregnancy (Ade-Ojo, Oluleye, & Adegun, 2016). At any age, both men and women are susceptible to developing a UTI. Bacteriuria is more common in women than in males as they age, and the risk of developing the condition rises with age. This is due to the fact that they have a narrow urethra, which provides minimal resistance to the passage of uropathogenic bacteria. Additionally, structural and functional difficulties that arise with aging may hinder the bladder from being completely emptied, which in turn leads to UTI. Studies have also revealed that as people become older, their bodies become less resistant to infections and less able to recover from the effects of infections (Aiyegoro, 2017). To put it another way, owing to the natural process of aging, older women may be more vulnerable to infection than younger women. If you have a sexual encounter or massage your urethra when you are giving birth, germs will be pushed up into your bladder. Because of this, the number of cases of urinary tract infections in sexually active women has grown (Aiyegoro, 2017). According to the findings of a research conducted by Duarte, G., Marcolin, Quintana, and Cavalli (2018), 72.4 percent of significant bacteriuria was found in individuals between the ages of 25 and 34. This age range represents the active period of sexual activity for the majority of women. It has been shown that there is a correlation between the length of gestation and an increased risk of UTIs (Ezechi, O.C., Gab-Okafor, C.V., Oladele, D.A, Kalejaiye, 2019). This might be explained, for example, by the increased pressure that the pregnant uterus exerts on the bladder, which causes the urine flow to become stagnant. Women are required to go through physical changes throughout pregnancy and delivery, which increases their risk of developing a urinary tract infection (UTI). For example, a greater parity may increase the probability of the woman developing a urinary tract infection (UTI). A significant number of women living in underdeveloped nations continue to struggle with gaining access to normal medical treatment as a result of inadequate levels of information, competent workers, and physical infrastructure. Because of their low levels of income and their distance from conventional medical facilities, the majority of women do not have the financial means to pay for the available trained staff and infrastructure. This is occasionally the case. Despite the fact that the governments of these nations subsidize healthcare services, some of the women in those countries do not have access to them. Some of them as a result resort to self-diagnosis and self-medication, the employment of unapproved and ineffectual traditional health techniques, or patronage of quack medical practitioners. This is the outcome. Women's awareness of accessible standard medical facilities and staff, as well as the need of making use of such resources, may be connected to their level of knowledge. To prevent and treat urinary tract infections (UTIs) in pregnancy, one must first have a solid understanding of the variables that contribute to their increased risk. In light of this, it is of the utmost importance to explore whether or not certain demographic characteristics, such maternal age, parity, gestational age, socioeconomic position, or level of education, are connected with UTI among pregnant women.

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